While these three types of errors occur both in nucleic acids and proteins there are some things to consider about the consequences of nucleic acid mutations on protein synthesis. Due to the redundant nature of the genetic code mentioned in Section 1.1.2.1, some substitutions in the nucleic acid sequence will result in the same protein sequence and therefore not have altered protein activity. Some mutations however will result in a substitution at the amino acid level which could potentially lead to a physicochemically altered or even non-functional protein. Finally, insertion and deletion errors (collectively called indels) can have big consequences on resulting proteins. Inserting or deleting nucleotides in multiples of three will result in the insertion/deletion of amino acids in the protein, any other length of indel will result in what is called a frameshift mutation27. These mutations causes changes in all the codons following the mutation, potentially resulting in a completely different amino-acid sequence, including premature stop codon apparition as shown in Figure 1.2.
As computerisation kicked in, secretaries found themselves being asked to take on responsibility for work in larger teams. Some welcomed this change. “Younger secretaries tend not to like the subservient role and are far less likely to be prepared to put up with the behaviour of some very difficult senior executives,” the British Institute for Employment Studies found in 1996. Others found it difficult, as a 1994 Guardian article reported:
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«Никаких оправданий. Я заключила это пари, я его проиграла, и я выполняю данное мною слово», —заявила Бюттнер, демонстрируя свой образ. При этом политик улыбается и выглядит довольной.